Posts Tagged ‘CLIMATE’
The world is constantly changing but not like in the past few hundred years. Technological advancements are forcing the environment to change in a way that is not at all desirable to human-kind. Though technology has made our lives comfortable to a great extent the same factors of comfort are contributing to making the world a difficult and uncomfortable place to live in.
The machines that cool or heat our homes and offices contribute to global warming that is causing disastrous changes to the climate and the environment as a whole. The climatic changes all around the globe is leading to environmental disasters in almost every country and this should be sounding alarm bells in every home of the world. However, we are still taking things easy hoping for the governments of the world to do something about putting a climate change emergency program in place.
People should learn from the devastating earthquakes, typhoons and tsunamis that are wrecking havoc around the world. The first point in an emergency program should be to educate the people as to the factors that lead to such environmental disasters and how to detect or predict the possible occurrence of one. Then the next step should include lessons on how to prepare for such contingencies.
Knowledge on how to act in times of environmental emergencies will help people improve their chances of surviving and coming out of such a situation with the least amount of damage.
Evidence is pointing to the fact that nature is going to hold man-kind responsible for the degradation of nature and the onslaught of natural disasters is inevitable. Mankind should be prepared to face these disasters if not do something to avert them – if it is not too late already. Greenhouse gases are not just government propaganda. It is a fierce reality and is the main contributing factor to global warming a phenomenon that is likely result in half the globe being submerged under the seas due to the melting of the ice caps at the poles of the globe.
It is believed that no matter what man does now there is no way of averting warming of the globe, it can only be delayed. What is of prime importance now is that man should understand the problems of climate change and how to react in such times. When climate change brings about a rise in the levels of the seas and oceans, forest fires and other disasters man must know the best measures to be taken.
It is important that the governments of every country should set up a contingency plan and a training program to educate the people as to how they should react in the event of an emergency brought on by climate changes. This will contribute to millions of people being in a better position to safe guard their lives and property and will lessen the impact of the environmental disaster.
With the present knowledge acquired by scientists around he world we now have a better chance of surviving –we also have a better choice.
Lord Nicholas Stern, economist and author of the acclaimed and much-discussed Stern Review of 2006, spoke recently at the Royal Geographical Society about the world’s major problems and his suggested solutions to them. This, in summary, is what he said.
The two great issues of the 21st century – poverty and climate change – are interdependent: they succeed or fail together. The economic crisis we are now experiencing is a shorter, shallower problem.
WHO CAUSES THE CLIMATE CHANGE?
There is no doubt that climate change is caused by human activity. People produce greenhouse gases, not all of which are absorbed by the atmosphere. Hence we have a stock of gases in the atmosphere trapping other chemicals: this is what we call ‘the greenhouse effect’. The impact is felt mainly through water – melting glaciers and ice-caps, reduction of ice in the polar regions, tsunamis, rising sea levels.
Early economists misunderstood the impact of climate change because they didn’t recognise the size and uncertainty of the problem, which is global, long-term and very big. The changes that are happening are not marginal like those in economics. Moreover, the problem is growing all the time, so delay worsens it.
Governments and other interested bodies need to consider ‘externalities’ – the effects of one person’s actions on others – and hence the interconnectedness of all aspects of climate change.
WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM?
About two-thirds of emissions of greenhouse gases are accounted for by only six or seven countries. Poor countries will figure large in emissions in the next years because there are more people in them, but rich countries account for more emissions overall, as their emissions per capita are higher. In the mid-19th century the rate of emission was 285ppm CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent); now it is 430ppm and we are adding CO2e at the rate of more than 2.5ppm/year. If we continued as we are now – the ‘business as usual’ (BAU) scenario – we would reach a level of 750ppm by the end of the century, which would be nothing short of ruinous.
The challenge is to keep the rate of emissions under 500ppm, or, better still, 450ppm (which we will reach, under BAU, in six years). This would keep the increase in temperature to less than two degrees and would reduce emissions to about 50% of those of 1990-2000.
The trouble is that, although humans have been on earth for some 100,000 years, we don’t know what the effects of high levels of emissions will be. In the last Ice Age, 10-12,000 years ago, the temperature was only about five degrees lower than it is now.
What we do know is that temperature increase will force people from their existing settlements by rising sea levels or loss of suitable conditions for agriculture or survival by other means. Massive human movements are bound to lead to extended conflicts.
It takes a long time for reduced emissions to lead to reduced concentrations in the atmosphere. By 2050 there will be some 9 billion people on the planet. Overall our aim should be to reduce emissions to 2 tonnes per person and by 2050 to reduce emissions to 50% of their 1990 levels.
WHAT ARE WE TO DO?
There are three key areas to focus on:
energy efficiency developing and deploying low-carbon technologies – an attractive and long-term option whose effects promise to last several decades halting deforestation, which is the source of 15-20% of emissions.
The cost of reducing emissions is estimated at about $2 trillion. Sounds like a huge amount of money? In fact, it’s only about 1-2% of the world economy – and the cost is to put one-off new measures in place, not a long-lasting, continuous commitment.
Prices, taxes and regulation are necessary too, and individual preferences have to be managed. People need to be made to understand the consequences of their actions. Remember the introduction of the breathalyser? Many people were outraged at the alleged infringement of personal liberty, yet now the practice is not only commonplace but fully accepted as right.
WHAT SHOULD BE THE GLOBAL DEAL?
Action has to be taken internationally. Here is what the global ‘deal’ we need would look like:
1. Global emissions targets for rich countries.
2. Developing countries to take on targets too (as some already have, e.g. Brazil, India and China).
3. Emissions trading should be encouraged.
4. There must be a halt to deforestation and investment in agriculture, an initiative driven by developing countries.
5. Employ technology. Some 50% of our energy currently comes from coal. Carbon capture and storage could give us solids to use as fuel.
6. Adaptation: we need to remember that development in a more hostile climate is more expensive.
These principles need to be firmly established before the next Climate Conference in Copenhagen in December, when it is hoped this deal will be drafted.
There are two points to note about any economic crisis. One is that the longer the risks are ignored, the worse the consequences. The second is that action to get out of the present crisis must not sow the seeds of the next one. But the current downturn creates an opportunity: materials, for insulating homes, for example, are cheaper; and now is a good time to invest in energy efficiency, new technologies and low-carbon growth.
“2009 is a year when political leadership, pressure and decision are vital,” says Lord Stern. “The prize from success is great; the risks from failure are immense.”
United Nations Conference on Climate Change is the largest intergovernmental conference on climate control that was ever held throughout the history of humanity. Aside from explicit achievements, the largest accomplishment of the Conference is the acknowledgement of the emerging changes in the world arena. Globalization of markets and, as a consequence, global governance in both trade and services, privatization of the energy sector alongside with increasing role of private sector have forever changed the context in which environmental issues should be viewed.
Kyoto Accord or Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997 and was brought into force 90 days after Russian ratification. The amendment represents a new generation of environmental international relations and treaties adopted in the light of globalization. The major aim of Kyoto Accord is to impose control on economic activities related to energy production and foreign investment and in such way minimize the risks for environment. Under this agreement, countries are to reduce emission of greenhouse gases by 5.2%, whereas the long-term perspective is as much as 29% by 2010. The limits are imposed on 6 greenhouse gases: CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride. The economic effects of Kyoto Accord have been an issue of prime concern within the last years and neither one of the parties is able to provide a definite solution as well as outline the potential results of implementation of the amendment. There are three mechanisms in Kyoto Accord that allow for worldwide implementation and are aimed at the environmental goals established by United Nations Conference on Climate Change. The mechanisms are also known as Kyoto Flexible Mechanisms: the Clean Development Mechanism, the Joint Implementation Mechanism, and the greenhouse gas emission trading.
The idea of emission trading is rooted in the concept of unity between countries with Kyoto targets. While every country will be assigned a certain limit within the period from 2008 until 2012, those who do not meet the established quota can sell the leftover amount to countries who emit too much of greenhouse gas. European Union went further; it established specific quotas on CO2 emissions for as much as 11,500 energy intensive plants that are located on the territory of members of EU.
The remaining two mechanisms, Clean Development and Joint Implementation, are aimed to reduce emission of greenhouse gases in other countries. Industrialized countries as part of their long-term plan to achieve reduction in emission of greenhouse gases are to run projects abroad, whereas the results are counted towards their own reduction achievements. While Joint Implementation allow for project implementation on the territory of countries with Kyoto targets, Clean Development is aimed at reductions on the territories of developing countries. By implementing two mechanisms United Nations stimulates reduction in gas emission by transferring technologies to developing countries and developing unity between countries with Kyoto targets. While Joint Implementation will be put in force only in 2008, the Clean Development Mechanism is already successfully functioning since 2000.
The Montreal meeting of the United Nations on Climate Change in 2005 finalized the details of Kyoto Protocol. The 11th Conference on Climate Change was held from 28 November to 9 December. During the Conference 40 decisions regarding long-term cooperative actions and detailed guidance for countries with Kyoto targets have been adopted. Marrakech Accords that is generally referred to as the “Kyoto Rulebook” is considered to be one of the most important accomplishments. The “Rulebook” allows the formal implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. While industrialized countries have started a cooperative action to address the climate change, all members have agreed to proceed with an open dialogue. Basically, on the Montreal Conference implementation of the Kyoto Protocol was ensured. There also were held parallel events touching the following major themes: understanding and preparation for the change, showcasing solutions and sharing best practices, raising awareness and cultural events